How does apple cider vinegar help weight loss?

22 August 2024, 9 min read

The increasing popularity of apple cider vinegar (ACV) as a weight loss aid has led to a number of misconceptions about its effectiveness. Many people believe that simply drinking ACV can lead to significant weight loss without any changes to their diet or lifestyle. However, while some studies suggest that ACV may assist in weight management, it is not a miracle solution.

This blog post aims to provide a science-based, evidence-supported analysis of the role of apple cider vinegar in weight loss. By examining the current research and understanding its potential benefits and limitations, we can better assess whether ACV is a viable addition to a weight loss strategy or merely a passing trend. Through this exploration, we hope to clarify the facts surrounding ACV and empower readers to make informed decisions about their health and weight management journey.

Understanding Apple Cider Vinegar

What is Apple Cider Vinegar?

Apple cider vinegar is a type of vinegar made from fermented apple juice. The production process involves two key steps: first, the apples are crushed and mixed with yeast, which converts the sugars into alcohol. In the second step, bacteria are added to ferment the alcohol into acetic acid, the main active component responsible for many of ACV's purported health benefits. The final product typically contains about 5-6% acetic acid, along with trace amounts of other acids, such as malic acid, and some vitamins and minerals, albeit in small quantities. A tablespoon (15 ml) of ACV contains approximately 3 calories, 0.1 g of carbohydrates, and small amounts of potassium, calcium, and magnesium.

Potential Health Benefits

Apple cider vinegar is often touted for its various health benefits beyond weight loss. One of the most studied effects is its ability to improve digestion. ACV may help increase stomach acidity, which can enhance the digestion of food and the absorption of nutrients. Additionally, some studies suggest that ACV can help regulate blood sugar levels. For instance, a study found that consuming vinegar before meals can significantly lower postprandial blood glucose levels in insulin-resistant individuals.

Moreover, ACV has been linked to increased feelings of fullness, potentially leading to reduced calorie intake. A study involving obese individuals demonstrated that those who consumed vinegar daily experienced a decrease in body weight and body fat percentage over 12 weeks, suggesting that ACV may play a role in appetite regulation and weight management.

Potential Health Benefits

The Science Behind ACV and Weight Loss

A variety of healthy foods associated with weight loss

Limited Research

To date, only a few small-scale studies have investigated the effects of ACV on weight loss in humans. A randomised controlled trial found that overweight adults who consumed 15 ml of ACV daily for 12 weeks experienced significant reductions in body weight, BMI, and waist circumference compared to the placebo group. However, another study found no significant differences in weight loss between participants who consumed ACV and those who did not.

Potential Mechanisms

One proposed mechanism by which ACV may aid weight loss is by increasing feelings of fullness and reducing appetite. A study found that consuming vinegar with a high-carbohydrate meal led to increased feelings of fullness and reduced subsequent calorie intake. This effect may be due to the acetic acid in ACV, which has been shown to slow gastric emptying and delay nutrient absorption.

ACV may also improve insulin sensitivity, which could potentially enhance weight loss. A systematic review published in Nutrients found that vinegar consumption was associated with improved insulin sensitivity and reduced fasting blood glucose levels in individuals with insulin resistance or type 2 diabetes. However, the evidence is mixed, with some studies finding no significant effects on insulin sensitivity.

Another potential mechanism is the impact of ACV on metabolism. Animal studies have suggested that acetic acid may increase the expression of genes involved in fat burning and reduce the expression of genes involved in fat synthesis. However, these findings have not been consistently replicated in human studies.

Review of Studies

A systematic review and meta-analysis examined the effects of ACV on body weight, BMI, and waist circumference in overweight and obese individuals. The authors included seven studies with a total of 561 participants. They found that ACV consumption was associated with significant reductions in body weight (mean difference: -1.18 kg), BMI (mean difference: -0.47 kg/m²), and waist circumference (mean difference: -1.46 cm) compared to control groups.

However, the authors noted several limitations of the included studies, such as small sample sizes, short intervention durations, and lack of standardisation in the ACV dosage and formulation. Additionally, most studies did not control for potential confounding factors, such as changes in diet and physical activity.

While some studies suggest that ACV may have a modest effect on weight loss, the evidence is limited and inconclusive. More high-quality, well-designed studies with larger sample sizes and longer intervention periods are needed to establish the efficacy and safety of ACV for weight management. Until then, individuals should focus on adopting a balanced diet and regular physical activity as the primary strategies for sustainable weight loss.

The Role of Diet and Exercise in Weight Loss with Apple Cider Vinegar

While apple cider vinegar has shown potential benefits for weight management, it is crucial to emphasise that it should not be considered a substitute for a healthy diet and regular exercise. A comprehensive approach that incorporates ACV alongside a balanced eating plan and physical activity is most likely to yield sustainable results.

ACV as a Supplement, Not a Replacement: Synergistic Effects of ACV, Diet, and Exercise

Incorporating ACV into a balanced diet and regular exercise routine may have synergistic effects on weight loss and overall health. A study published in Oncquest Labs suggests that ACV contributes to fat reduction through its main active ingredient, acetic acid, which has been shown to suppress fat accumulation in animal studies.

By combining ACV with a diet rich in whole, nutrient-dense foods and regular physical activity, individuals may be able to enhance their weight loss efforts. A systematic review and meta-analysis in the Journal of Functional Foods found that ACV supplementation was associated with improvements in lipid profiles and glycemic parameters, which are important factors in weight management and overall health.

While ACV may offer potential benefits for weight loss, it should be viewed as a supplement to a healthy lifestyle, not a replacement for it. Incorporating ACV into a balanced diet and regular exercise routine may have synergistic effects on weight loss and overall health. However, it is essential to consult with a healthcare professional before starting any new weight loss regimen, as individual needs and health conditions may vary.

Potential Side Effects and Precautions with Apple Cider Vinegar

While apple cider vinegar has shown promise in aiding weight loss and providing other health benefits, it is crucial to be aware of its potential side effects and to consume it safely. The acidic nature of ACV can lead to adverse consequences if not used properly.

Acidic Nature and Dental Health

One of the primary concerns with ACV is its acidic nature, which can potentially erode tooth enamel and cause dental problems. A study published in the Journal of Prosthodontics found that frequent consumption of acidic beverages, including vinegar, can lead to significant enamel loss and tooth sensitivity. To minimise the risk of acid erosion, it is recommended to:

Dilute ACV in water before consumption to reduce its acidity
Drink ACV through a straw to minimise contact with teeth
Rinse your mouth with water after drinking ACV
Wait at least 30 minutes before brushing your teeth to avoid damaging softened enamel

Digestive Discomfort

The acidity of ACV can also cause digestive discomfort, particularly in individuals with sensitive stomachs or conditions like gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A case report in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association described a patient who experienced severe nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain after consuming undiluted ACV. To prevent digestive issues, it is recommended to:

Always dilute ACV in water or another liquid before consumption
Start with a small dose (1-2 teaspoons) and gradually increase if tolerated
Discontinue use if you experience persistent digestive discomfort

Skin Irritation

The acidic nature of ACV can also cause skin irritation, especially if applied undiluted. A study published in the Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology found that topical application of vinegar can lead to skin burns and scarring. To avoid skin irritation, it is recommended to:

Always dilute ACV with water or another liquid before applying to the skin
Perform a patch test on a small area of skin before widespread application
Discontinue use if you experience redness, burning, or other signs of irritation

Interactions with Medications

ACV may interact with certain medications, particularly diuretics, laxatives, and insulin. A study found that ACV can alter the absorption and effectiveness of some drugs. If you are taking any medications, it is essential to consult with your healthcare provider before incorporating ACV into your regimen.

Conclusion

If you're looking for a weight loss solution, remember that while apple cider vinegar (ACV) may offer modest benefits, scientific evidence remains limited. It's crucial to consult a healthcare professional before incorporating ACV into your routine and to prioritise a balanced diet and regular exercise for sustainable weight management.

Looking for a Weight Loss Solution?

Consider eMed Healthcare's weight loss programme, a private GP-led solution with full support. This programme combines medical expertise, lifestyle guidance, and ongoing support to help you achieve your weight loss goals safely and sustainably.

eMed.com discount code for weight loss programme

eMed Weight Loss Programme

References

The effect of apple cider vinegar on lipid profiles and glycemic parameters: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. PMC. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8243436/.
Apple Fermented Products: An Overview of Technology, Properties, and Health Effects. ResearchGate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348754358_Apple_Fermented_Products_An_Overview_of_Technology_Properties_and_Health_Effects.
Beneficial effects of Apple Cider Vinegar on weight management, Visceral Adiposity Index, and lipid profile in overweight or obese subjects receiving a restricted-calorie diet: A randomized clinical trial. ResearchGate. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/324141912_Beneficial_effects_of_Apple_Cider_Vinegar_on_weight_management_Visceral_Adiposity_Index_and_lipid_profile_in_overweight_or_obese_subjects_receiving_restricted_calorie_diet_A_randomized_clinical_trial.
Vinegar Consumption Increases Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake by the Forearm Muscle in Humans with Type 2 Diabetes. PMC. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4438142/.
Regulation of Key Genes for Milk Fat Synthesis in Ruminants. PMC. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9028956/.
Vinegar consumption improves postprandial glycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin sensitivity in subjects with insulin resistance. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Retrieved from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0308814616318076
Vinegar Consumption Increases Insulin-Stimulated Glucose Uptake by the Forearm Muscle in Humans with Type 2 Diabetes. PMC. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4438142/.
Dietary Management of Obesity: A Review of the Evidence. Nutrition Reviews. Retrieved from https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article/72/10/651/1935511.
Effects of apple cider vinegar on glycemic control and lipid profiles: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PubMed. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31221273/.
Emed Health. (n.d.). Weight Management. Available at: https://www.emed.com/uk/weight-management

The information provided is for educational purposes only and is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Seek the advice of a doctor with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never delay seeking or disregard professional medical advice because of something you have read here.